For other uses, see, Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the, Law enforcement and justices of the peace, the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England, "Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust", "BBC Wales History Themes Pembroke The Main Street", "Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York", "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana", "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII", "Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust", "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond", The Reign of Henry VII. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. Henry VII is usually treated as a charmless and thrifty prelude to the big reign of Henry VIII, with the inevitable marriage of Henry and Catherine of Aragon, and the reversal of his father's bully policies for a golden age of chivalry and, you know, all the crazy shit Henry VIII was about to do. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. So 4 stars. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Why is this ambitious? In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart. Penn ended the programme by visiting the tombs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York in Henrys chapel at Westminster Abbey, a chapel that remains at the heart of political life. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. Omissions? Raised in France, admiring of Italian-trained lawyers (and reaping the reward of the return of a whole generation of educated English commoners who sat out the War of the Roses abroad), with good taste in Renaissance art and advised by his gracious wife and steely mother, Henry VII is a major figure, not a prequel. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. : (April 25, 1883. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. Thomas Mores coronation poem for Henry VIII contrasted the new Kings reign with the dark days of the past. 3.5 Stars. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. The King was heavily guarded. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. In 1485, history was about to be changed for ever by a man who was a refugee, a fugitive whod spent half his life on the run and with barely a claim to the throne: Henry Tudor. I thought the way he controled the nobility was fascinating - keeping them in check as well a raising vast sums of money at the same time. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. Henry VII: The Winter King. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. Prince Arthur was born just eight months after his parents marriage, at Winchester, the seat of King Arthurs Camelot. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . [36] However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. Well written and really interesting about an often ignored king. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. 'Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520,' a painting by Friedrich August Bouterwek. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. His spies and informers were everywhere. Get help and learn more about the design. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Penn pointed out that for over half a century no king had passed on the crown without turmoil and Henry knew that what had happened to Richard could happen to him. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? Famed British author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Thanks largely to the desertion of his stepfather, Lord Stanley, to him, he defeated and slew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Some of them have more to say than Penn about the constructive sides of the reign, which developed the state-building methods of his Yorkist predecessors. He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. ), The Reign of Henry VII. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe.
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