Nixon dedicated a $100-million to begin the war on cancer, a campaign that led to the creation of national cancer centers and antidotes that helped fight the deadly disease. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. What were the limitations of the detente? [161] Nixon's responses to protesters included an impromptu, early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9, 1970. [43] Though he could have claimed an exemption from the draft as a birthright Quaker, or a deferral due to his government service, Nixon nevertheless sought a commission in the Navy. [211], Some scholars, such as James Morton Turner and John Isenberg, believe that Nixon, who had advocated for civil rights in his 1960 campaign, slowed down desegregation as president, appealing to the racial conservatism of Southern whites, who were angered by the civil rights movement. A minor confrontation ensued, the Soviets stipulated they would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles, and the final round of diplomatic notes were exchanged in November. [34] Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women. [75] He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia. Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies, but he believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection. [266] Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan. [278] Nixon visited the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. [214] He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification. [170]:93 Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'tat on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende. Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore. Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations. The agency oversaw the passage of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and the Mammal Marine Protection Act. WebNixons expanse of domestic policies was a huge success to his administration, and it was arguably more important that his foreign policies. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. He began to withdraw American Bringing the conflict to a successful resolution proved elusive. [77] He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power. [75] He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist, controversial Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy, but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations. He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries[103] and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate. Nixon also took dilantin, recommended by Jack Dreyfus. In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill will against him in the country. He considered it an enemy of the United States. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy. He claimed that in order to prevent armed conflicts, the USA and the Western countries should try to cooperate with the Muslim world, instead of confronting it (McGovern 167). That led to the imposing of an oil embargo by the Arabs, and that resulted negatively on the US economy because the States depended on foreign oil. Nixon initiated and oversaw the peaceful desegregation of southern schools. Ford International Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute for Technology. Nixon's actions were popular at home, propelling him to victory in 1972. WebDespite the debacle in Vietnam, Nixon did achieve a few key foreign policy victories during his time in office. Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing. He was prone to speak all his thoughts out aloud, which is not very good for a public image. Nixon and Kissinger believed that strengthening Irans military would stabilize the Middle East, thereby protecting not only Irans oil supply but also the oil reserves of all countries bordering the Persian Gulf. [14][15], Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable. [132] It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous. - The CIA funded media criticism of Allende, opposition parties and encouraged demonstrations by middle class. [175], In 1973, Nixon encouraged the Export-Import Bank to finance in part a trade deal with the Soviet Union in which Armand Hammer's Occidental Petroleum would export phosphate from Florida to the Soviet Union, and import Soviet ammonia. After intensive negotiations between National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho, the two sides reached an agreement in October 1972, and Kissinger announced, Peace is at hand. But the South Vietnamese raised objections, and the agreement quickly broke down. WebPresident Nixon pursued two important policies that both culminated in 1972. - Kissinger was warded the Nobel Peace prize in 1973 He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Nixons greatest foreign policy success was the development of relations with Communist China. [242], The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and later paid $465,000 (equivalent to $2.6million in 2021) in back taxes in 1974. [251] Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. [264], The interviews helped improve Nixon's financial positionat one point in early 1975 he had only $500 in the bankas did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy friends of Nixon, such as Bebe Rebozo. The US was also perceived to have lost the war disastrously and Nixon gained little by delaying the withdrawal. - Mao Zedong was a communist leader, - Nixon relaxed restrictions on Sino -American trade 1969-70 "[295] This offended some; columnist Russell Baker complained of "a group conspiracy to grant him absolution". Because of this successful diplomatic policy, the US get extrication from threat of Cold War, although it was temporary. [109] At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, Six Crises, which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech. [104] Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. [212][213], In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970the first significant federal affirmative action program. Yet, his nuclear threats, which were primarily intended to establish peace and to end the war, resulted in the prolongation of the war. In 1976, Nixon was disbarred by the New York State Bar Association for obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair. - Nixon and Mao discussed Taiwan, Vietnam and trade, - Nixon administration had successfully opened a dialogue with an enemy and Beijing encouraged North Vietnam to agree to peace He added that, although the United States would continue to uphold all of its treaty obligations, it would expect its allies to contribute significantly to their own defense. His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistence". He was absolutely right in thinking that the key to effective policy outside the country is the health and success within the country. His mother was a Quaker, and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith. What happened in relation to Vietnam in 1971? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He defeated McGovern with over 60percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and D.C.[232], The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. [192][193] He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. [64] In 1948, Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries,[65] and was comfortably reelected. On February 18, 1947, Nixon referred to Eisler's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech to the House. [69] Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections[70] and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing Korean War was a major issue. [172] Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,[127] and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. In 1970, President Nixon avoided a second Cuban Missile Crisis involving the Soviet submarine base by adhering to his policy of hard-headed dtente, an active rather than passive form of diplomacy. "[299] Nixon's biographers disagree on how he will be perceived by posterity. But that was what betrayed him. [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Richard Nixon in 1969, whereby the United States would thereafter support allies facing military WebNixon did not carry out his threats; the war continued. [77], General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops, known as "Vietnamization". A series of revelations made it clear that the Committee to Re-elect President Nixon, and later the White House, were involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats. [17][18][17][18] Though he had to ride a school bus an hour each way during his freshman year, he received excellent grades. Nixon signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Israels entry into the nuclear community (though never confirmed by Israel itself) destabilized the region by raising the possibility that Israel would resort to nuclear weapons if attacked by Arab countries. - South Vietnamese survived temporarily, - 2 million communist soldiers interests. It also gave him the opportunity to snub the print journalists he despised. On his return, he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress. President Johnson withdrew as a candidate in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. [235], Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office. WebRichard Nixon's Top Domestic and Foreign Policy Achievements See President Richard Nixon's top accomplishments in the arenas of domestic and foreign policy. [149], When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam,[150] and the war was widely unpopular in the United States, the subject of ongoing violent protests. [216] Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968, though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election. [13] Richard was twelve years old when a spot was found on his lung, and with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. In the Carter Doctrine of 1980, Carter declared that the United States would resist, if necessary with military force (including ground troops), any attempt by a foreign power to gain control of any country in the Persian Gulf region. WebNixon's new approach to China was surprising for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: China was successful in their first satellite launch, which occurred before the United States could launch their first satellite. [28] His work concentrated on commercial litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, as well as on wills. [11] The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to Whittier, California. [188], At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7percentits highest rate since the Korean War. Some people think it's good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts [and] reveal their inner psychewhether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. Additionally, his administration pushed for the Controlled Substances Act and began the War on Drugs. [158] It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the bombing of Cambodia between 1970 and 1973. - The US stopped all aid to Chile and World bank loans ($70 million in American aid was cut) When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, saying it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. [194] Nixon's decision to end the gold standard in the United States led to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. [326], When Nixon was told that most Americans felt they did not know him even at the end of his career, he replied, "Yeah, it's true. [239], On November 17, 1973, during a televised question-and-answer session[240] with 400 Associated Press managing editors, Nixon said, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. In step with his conservative beliefs, his administration incrementally transferred power from the federal government to the states. [215] He also pushed for African American civil rights and economic equity through a concept known as black capitalism. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Richard Nixon Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization, EIN: 52-1278303. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972, and met with Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party; Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers; and Nikolai Podgorny, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, among other leading Soviet officials. His anti-communistic position had changed during his second period, when he realized that the United States and the Soviet Union both follow one goal peace. Nixon was more successful in other foreign policy initiatives. He clung to the idea of being "tough". After the committee failed to attract higher-profile candidates, Herman Perry, manager of Whittier's Bank of America branch, suggested Nixon, a family friend with whom he had served on the Whittier College Board of Trustees before the war. His periodic overindulgences, especially during stressful times such as during Apollo 13, concerned Price and others, including then-advisor Ehrlichman and long-time valet Manolo Sanchez. He called for a War on Drugs and pledged to cut off sources of supply abroad. Well, I'm not a crook. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a crewed expedition to Mars as early as 1981. - Nixon upset peace talks in Vietnam in 1968 to improve election chances Corrections? In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty that he would be impeached and removed from office, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. He campaigned for many Republicans, seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide, and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains that year. [146] Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon's forthrightness, unlike the leftists and the Soviets. By the time Nixon finally pulled out of Vietnam in 1973, thousands of additional Vietnamese and American soldiers had died. [153][154][155] In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to their leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. [303] According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, "Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans. [1][23] Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, and though he lacked the size to play, he remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm. "[280] Newsweek ran a story on "Nixon's comeback" with the headline "He's back". [246] He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic: Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, "whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly". [72] Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points. [16] His older brother Harold had attended Whittier High School, which his parents thought resulted in Harold's dissolute lifestyle, before he contracted tuberculosis (that killed him in 1933). [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. They also intended, through linkage, to make U.S. arms control policy part of dtente His policy of linkage had in fact failed. [236] On July 24, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released. [195] The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. It provided for registration of all Communist Party members and required a statement of the source of all printed and broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to be Communist fronts." McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate, Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton, dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received electroshock treatment for depression. The Soviets recognised western rights to West Berlin the West recognised West Berlin was not part of West Germany [170]:25 This began by trying to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election, and then messages to military officers in support of a coup. There is a good reason why I am a repeat customer at EssaysWriters.com. [44][46] Seeking more excitement, he requested sea duty and on July 2, 1943, was assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 25 and the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command (SCAT), supporting the logistics of operations in the South Pacific Theater. Nixon had done a lot to make peace in the world; however, he rarely succeeded in this. [98] In Caracas, Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and their limousine was attacked by a pipe-wielding mob. Nixons foreign policy was not even a little as successful as Reagans. [167] Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, before fighting resumed, and North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975. Publicly, he said his strategy was a As part of his "New Federalism" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. He could not open himself to other men and he could not open himself to greatness. [83] The speech was remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back: "a little cocker spaniel dog sent all the way from Texas. Nixon had made a lot of decisions during his presidency, which cannot be considered right. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nixon welcomed the astronauts of Apollo XI home safely from the moon and oversaw every successful moon landing while in office. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the president in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election. What was the out come of what happened in 1970? [238] One researcher suggests Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973. After Allende nationalized American-owned mining companies, the administration restricted Chiles access to international economic assistance and discouraged private investment, increased aid to the Chilean military, cultivated secret contacts with anti-Allende police and military officials, and undertook various other destabilizing measures, including funneling millions of dollars in covert payments to Chilean opposition groups in 197073. [162][163][164] Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a "credibility gap" on the issue. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. Although President Richard Nixon is known more for the Watergate scandal and as the only US President to have resigned from office, he was responsible for introducing a number of bold and innovative foreign policy When Nixon took over the office of US President in 1969, the Vietnam War was the main issue in the country. [316] According to Black, Nixon, thought that he was doomed to be traduced, double-crossed, unjustly harassed, misunderstood, underappreciated, and subjected to the trials of Job, but that by the application of his mighty will, tenacity, and diligence, he would ultimately prevail. [262] They began on the topic of foreign policy, recounting the leaders he had known, but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a five o'clock shadow, in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy. Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency: Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office. It was even alleged that "Nixon personally authorized" $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper. [196] He eliminated the Cabinet-level United States Post Office Department, which in 1971 became the government-run United States Postal Service. Reagan managed to release Iran Hostages captured at the time of Carter. [279], In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world. [33] He returned to California, was admitted to the California bar in 1937, and began practicing in Whittier with the law firm Wingert and Bewley. - Nixon also secretly promised billions in aid to secure the settlement, Emphasising national interest rather than legalism and moralism in foreign policy, Vietnamization where South should fight their own battles. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use. [174] Nixon later described his strategy: I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist, if possible, the help of the Soviets and the Chinese. Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he also then concluded the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. Rhodes told Nixon he faced certain impeachment in the House. Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate, far fewer than the 34 needed to avoid removal from office.[245]. The following day, Nixon met with Zhou; the joint communique following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification. He graduated from Duke Law School in 1937, practiced law in California, then moved with his wife Pat to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. 1943)", "Official Military Personnel File for Richard M. Nixon", "Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid", "The Problem of American Communism in 1945: Facts and Recommendations", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "KennedyNixon Debates", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "Smith, Howard K.", "42% of GOP Rank and File on Lodge Bandwagon", "Johnson Leads Nixon, 3 To 1 In Latest Presidential Poll", "Goldwater Looks to California and Oregon Primaries as Crucial to His Chances", "ROCKEFELLER WINS OREGON PRIMARY, UPSETTING LODGE", Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson's Vietnam Peace Talks in '68, Notes Show, "Biden Had To Fight For The Presidential Nomination. [94] Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election. The process was not completed before the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970. In November, Nixon's lawyers revealed that a tape of conversations held in the White House on June 20, 1972, had an .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}18+12minute gap. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the ticket, the senator went on television to address the nation on September 23, 1952. "[21] Nixon said he tried to use a conversational tone as much as possible. [76] Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean War. [1][6][7] His parents were Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. [250] Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world. And, I guess, if I'd been in their position, I'd have done the same thing.
